Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay

These will be presented by practitioners Media Conference This will be populated by journalists Board Meeting Presentation will be to Board members Module Outline The module aims to enable students to develop business and management skills and to capture an integrated view of their learning across their MBA programme. It also builds specifically on Media Training and three Preparatory Sessions. It combines substantive lectures; ‘Business Briefings’ in the form of practitioner presentations pertinent to the Case; and experiential learning through a ‘live’ Case involving group work. Justification of the strategy (10%); Integration of business relevant functions and underpinning disciplines (10%); and Coherence & Focus of the document (10%) To be submitted by 13. 00 hours Thursday 18th April 2013. The Strategy Document should consist of four separate documents: †¢ Title page including Group name and team members †¢ 1 page Executive Summary †¢ Strategy Document (1,500 words) †¢ Appendices (make sure that these clearly reinforce points made in the Strategy Document). The Strategy Document should be in a format suitable for presentation to the company board. It should not be in the form of an essay. It should not simply be the sum of different departmental strategies. Rather, it should present an overall integrated strategy reflecting a long-run scenario plan. It should be supported by the different departmental components of that strategy. The full details of the departmental strategies can be included in Appendices. There are plenty of on-line examples of how to write a strategy document. You will still need to decide which format suits your strategy. Further advice will be given in the module. 2. Media Statement in Response to Intervention (500 words 10%) We will be looking for a justification, integration and coherence & focus of action in the statement. To be submitted by 17. 00 Thursday 18th April 2013. 3. Media Conference and Board Presentation (10% or 5% per event) This includes the Management, Presentation and Coherence of the Media Conference and Board Presentation. Individual Assignment 4. Individual Reflection (50%) Critically reflect on selected strategy (10%), group processes (10%); response to the intervention (10%); and your individual role (10%). Identify what you take from these experiences; what you would have done differently? (10%) This report should be in an essay format and can include supporting documents. The purpose of the individual coursework is to enable you to reflect on your learning from the coursework and the Company Case experience. This can include reference to: The challenges of integrating multi-disciplinary approaches to business and integrating business strategy; †¢ Group dynamics and management, your role within the group and interactions with others, decision-making processes under pressure; and group development and coherence; †¢ Real busin ess experiences of public exposure through the media and defence of strategies from senior managers. You might want to structure it by time or key stages (i. e. Strategy formulation and process; responses to interventions and the Media statement; Group formation and dynamics; Media and Board Events and event management). Please do not use this essay to criticise others but to reflect on your experiences and how you might approach this differently in the future. The essay is due at 16. 00 on 24th May 2013. Session 1 Monday 15th April 09. 30 – 11. 00 Module Introduction Introduction to the Case; Allocation of Groups What is Sustainability? In this session we will introduce the Module, its aims, activities and structure and we will clarify the assignments and assessment. We will introduce the Company Case, Wearing Well or Wearing Out? and allocate the groups. We will address the question, what is sustainability? The Company Case The Company Case ‘Wearing Well or Wearing Out? ’ will be introduced; the full case will be circulated separately. In essence Wearing Well is a long-standing UK retail chain which has recently been taken over by a private equity consortium. It has principally sold women’s clothing but also men’s clothing, men’s and ladies shoes and accessories, furnishing, appliances, and home accessories. The company is not considered to be performing well by the owners and they have commissioned a new management team (i. e. YOU in the different groups) to turn the company around. You are asked to prepare an initial five year plan in the form of a Strategy Document and to consider how integrating sustainability into the strategy can add value to the company. You will also be asked to respond to an ‘intervention’ in the form of a Media Statement. You will be required to explain and justify your initial strategy and the subsequent response in two ‘live events’ both on Friday 20th April:1. A Media Conference (supported by a Media statement that you will need to prepare) 2. A Board Meeting (supported by a Strategy Document that you will also need to prepare) Groups The class members will be organised into groups with whom they will address the Group Assignments (Strategy Document, Media Statement in Response to Intervention, Media Conference and Board Meeting). Break out rooms will be allocated. When class members are allocated to their groups, the groups will then need to decide and agree job roles / descriptions / responsibilities and assign these to group members. Each member will then be required to sign a ‘contract’. What is Sustainability? A general introduction to the theme of sustainability will be provided. The key pillars of sustainability will be introduced: 1. Balance of social, environmental and economic criteria 2. Intra-generational justice 3. Inter-generational justice. A systems approach is used to highlight the importance of sustainability and to understand the importance of sustainability to business. Preliminary Reading Senge, P (2009) ‘Sustainability: Not What You Think It Is’ MIT Sloan Management Review June Michael Porter and Mark R Kramer (2011) ‘Creating Shared Value’ Harvard Business Review Jan – Feb 2011 See http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainability. Core Reading Stead and Stead (2009) Chapters 1-4 OR Stead and Stead (2004) Chapters 1-3 (Chapter 2 provided) Dunphy Dexter, Andrew Griffiths and Suzanne Benn (2007) Organisational Change for Corporate Sustainability, New York: Routledge. Chapters 1 and 2 (Part 1), Background reading on Sustainability (All provided in the Module Booklet) Assadourian Erik (2007) ’Acknowledgements,’ Vital Signs 2007-2008, 104-105, New York: WW Norton and Company. Brown, Lester R. (2008) Plan B 3. 0: Mobilising to Save Civilisation. New York: WW Norton and Company. Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III. (1972) The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books Ehrlich Paul R. and Ann H. Ehrlich (1990) The Population Explosion. New York: Simon and Schuster. Elkington John. (1997) Cannibals with Forks. Oxford UK: Capstone Publishing Limited. Hart, S and Milstein, M (2003) ‘Creating Sustainable Value’ Academy of Management Executive 17 (2) 56 – 69 Laszlo, C (2003) The Sustainable Company Island Press Chapter 1 Munasinghe, M (2009) Sustainable Development in Practice: Sustainomics Methodology and Applications Cambridge Chapter 2 Senge, Peter M (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation. New York: Doubleday/Currency. Wearing Well CEO Agreement Group Role Description Manage allocation of group roles and submit Manager Agreements Manage decision processes for Group Strategy and Media Statement in Response to Interventions Manage preparation for Media conference and Board presentation Submit Group Strategy and Media Statement (according to deadlines and word lengths) CEO Name Signature Module Lecturer (Simon Wright) Signature Date Wearing Well Manager Agreement Group Role Title Role Description Name Signature CEO Name Signature Date Session 2 Monday 15th April 11. 30 – 13. 00 Shared Value and Stakeholder Value This session will provide the opportunity to revise the concept of stakeholders and to apply it specifically to the question of strategies for sustainability. Different frameworks for understanding stakeholders will be discussed and contrasted, highlighting the importance of understanding and managing stakeholder expectations in strategy formation for sustainability. We will have virtual appearances by the Stakeholder guru, RE ‘Ed’ Freeman and by Harvard Professor Michael. E. Porter discussing the concept of ‘shared value’. Core Reading Michael Porter and Mark R Kramer (2011) ‘Creating Shared Value’ Harvard Business Review Jan – Feb 2011 Freeman, R. Edward, Harrison, Jeffrey S. and Wicks, Andrew C. (2007) Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation and Success Yale University Press. See provided a short paper R. E. Freeman (2008) ‘Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation and Success’ Darden Business Publishing, University of Virginia (note permission has been obtained for the use of this paper in this module). Stead, W. Edward and Jean Garner Stead (2009) Management for a Small Planet Greenleaf 3rd Edition Chapter 7 provided Session 3 Monday 15th April 14. 00 – 15. 30 Business Briefing: Sustainability in the Retail Sector Stuart Wright, Head of Corporate Responsibility & Sustainability J Sainsbury PLC http://www. j-sainsbury. co. uk/responsibility This presentation will highlight the current sustainability policies, practices and issues for J Sainsbury PLC, one of the UK’s largest supermarkets. The session will provide an opportunity to consider trends, opportunities and challenges from the perspective of one of the UK’s most innovative and successful retailers. Stuart is responsible for the delivery of Sainsbury’s 20 by 20 Sustainability Plan, a ? 1 billion initiative to drive corporate responsibility across a variety of stretching targets encompassing environmental, sourcing, communities, food ; health. Session 4 Monday 15th April 16. 00 – 17. 30 Business Briefing and Group work: First Steps Here you will begin your assessment of the Company Case and your preparation of your Strategy. This will involve agreement about individual roles within the Group, integration and time lines, and about decision-making and strategy-making processes. You should start your stakeholder scanning for WW. Sessions 5 ; 6 Tuesday 16th April 09. 30 – 12. 30 Business Briefing and Group work: First Steps Here you will begin your assessment of the Company Case and your preparation of your Strategy. This will involve agreement about individual roles within the Group, integration and time lines, and about decision-making and strategy-making processes. You should start your stakeholder scanning for WW. Sessions 7 ; 8 Tuesday 16th April 13. 30 – 17. 30 Group Work: Scenario Planning for WW This will enable you to apply the processes of scenario planning for sustainability (Sessions 5 and 6). What sort of environment (supply, employees, market) and company do we plan for? What overall strategy should we follow? You may find that this overview gets reviewed as you explore operational realities and develop operational strategies. Session 9 Wednesday 17th April 09. 30 – 11. 00 Business Briefing and Group Work: Operational Scanning for WW Each operational manager should be scanning their area of responsibility: what is working? Why? How do the operations support / undermine the overall performance of WW? This will enable you to apply the thinking about developing operational strategies for WW. Session 10 Wednesday 17th April 11. 30 – 13. 00 Group work: Operational Strategies for WW The process started in Session 8 should feed into the preliminary thinking about operational strategies. You will need to think about the relationships between the results of the different operational scanning exercises and the fit – or otherwise – of preliminary operational strategies. These will ultimately need to be informed by the overall strategy that you select. However, also the overall strategy needs to take account of operational realities and to integrate operational strategies. What do you remember from your Strategy modules? Session 11 Wednesday 17th April 14. 00 – 15. 30 Group Work: Preliminary Integration of Strategies for WW Here you will begin to integrate your operational Strategies; identify and address inconsistencies. Do the operational strategies reinforce one another? Does the overall strategy run through all the operations? Is there a clear vision for WW?

Classification Essay on Love

Eros is the type of love that is repeatedly displayed in Hollywood productions. The influence of this mass media too often distorts the societal image of what exactly love is (Cellulose). Eros is the most common kind of love, as it is the most common to be taken out of context. This type of love is what God intended and restricted to a one-man, one-woman kind of relationship within the bound of marriage, but society has warped and perverted it into something that most are brain-washed into believing is more enjoyable (Newton).These perversions include fornication, adultery, and same-sex marriage (â€Å"Kinds of Love†). The love that one has within friendships is known as Philae (Cellulose). Philae is to have a special interest in someone or something, frequently with focus on close association; have affection for, like, consider someone a friend (â€Å"Four Kinds of Love†). It is a love of the affections – one that comes and goes with intensity (Newton). It is us ually fun and carefree which is why it is easy for it to dissolve at the first sight of something going wrong.Imagine that one's best friend is dating a boy who Is a Jerk ND treats her like dirt, but she likes him so much that she excuses the way he acts and has convinced herself that she can change his ways. In reality, one might know that he's not going to change, so because of the love one has for their friend, they try to convince her that she needs to end the relationship. The favored scenario would be that she trusts their opinion and Is able to see the truth. However, If she mistakes that love for her safety as something such as Jealousy, the friendship can be destroyed along with the people love that was once there.Storage, the love that naturally occurs between parents and children, can exist between siblings and is present between husbands and wives in a good marriage (â€Å"Four Kinds of Love†). It is supportive and caring and is shown in deed and in truth (Newton) . It's not limited to only humans; storage is also applicable to pets and objects as well. There are several scenarios in which it is common to see storage in action – ten time AT teat or velocity, ten time AT Taller or success, ten time AT slackness or In good health, the time of sadness or Joy, and the time of achievement or spottiness's (â€Å"Kinds of Love†).In a marriage, there are multiple types of love required for it to be healthy, with storage being at the top of the list. The most powerful of loves is agape. It is the love for which God gave up his son to save all of humanity and the love with which Jesus died on the cross to liberate mankind from sin and death (Newton). Though most people have their staple few that they say they would lay their lives down for, Jesus did it for all mankind. What is even more amazing is that He did it without even personally knowing many of us.It did not matter to Him that we were stumbling in sin and self-pity. He loves us so much that he accomplished the impossible. That is why agape is known as the supreme love, for it covers a multitude of sins (â€Å"Four Kinds of Love†). The love that lasts longer than dinner and the movie is a healthy blend of Eros, the physical attraction; storage, the total support and care; Philae, the friendship; and agape, the unconditional commitment (â€Å"Four Kinds of Love†). In order to have a balanced love life, all four must be existent.

State of Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

State of Washington - Essay Example The state’s efforts to conserve the natural resources have sustained the ecological balance in this country. In the industrial sector, the country has grown considerably by engaging in mining, manufacturing, mining and many other agricultural activities. The cumulative impact of these activities is that Washington has experienced great economic development in the recent past. Climate is one of the most important aspects of state that determines the economic activities of the public. Washington lies in the sub-tropic zone and experience four seasons that include winter, summer, autumn and spring. These season show distinct weather patterns that impact on the countries climatic changes. The spring is warm period and the country experiences high temperatures, unlike in winter which is humid and cold. As compared to other countries, Washington is humid going up to a maximum of 66% within a year. Summers are rather hot and the temperatures rise up to 26.6 degrees Celsius. The country has adverse weather patterns often characterized with hurricanes and blizzards, although they are unpredictable within the year. (Pressman & Wildavsky, 1999). These weather patterns have become a challenge for the countries as they determine the periods of farming as rarely do crops survive the cold seasons. In Washington, there a wide range of natural resources ranging from forests, minerals, land forms and water. The forests in Washington include capitol state forest, Tiger mountain state forest and the Yacolt Burn forest. These forests remain evergreen due to minimum interference from the public. The Washington’s national forest foundation has put regulation measures against the abuse of forest through human activities. Also, this body has emphasized on the need for forest development through establishment of man-made forests. In addition, the country has many water bodies that have contributed to the development of this

Limitations in Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Limitations in Risk Assessment - Essay Example basis of limited information on chemical contamination and assumptions about the population. Exposure assessments should not be based on a hypothetical maximally exposed individual (MEI). Screening risk assessments should rely on more representative estimates. Risk-management decisions should be based on refined exposure assessments that evaluate the distribution of a population's varied exposures and should address explicitly for any segments of the population that have unusually high exposures. Whenever possible, measurements should be obtained to support or validate any generic values used in exposure assessments, to check modeling results, or to provide more- realistic estimates of exposure than can be obtained with models. Such measurements might include collecting data at locations where exposures are anticipated, monitoring the exposures experienced by individuals, collecting data on the physical and chemical conditions that affect the movement and availability of chemicals, and providing information that relates exposure to effects, possibly using biologic markers. Measurements of exposure can be very different from estimated exposures based on source characteristics "(Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Regulatory Decision- Making, 28) There are two broad types of mathematical models used in exposure assessment: those that predict exposure to the agent, and those that predict the concentration of the agent. Exposure models can be used to estimate the exposures of populations based on small numbers of representative measurements. Models that predict concentration can be combined with information on human time-activity patterns to estimate exposures. Modeling may be done on long-term and short-term exposures, both of...) http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/hbsp/hbr/articles/article.jspml_action=get-article&articleID=96203&ml_page=1&ml_subscriber=true Bernard Goldstein, Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and Chairman, Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ

Globalization and chronic poverty and health Essay

Globalization and chronic poverty and health - Essay Example ement of people and resources thus results into child labor, loss of middle class jobs, capitalism, destruction of environment, and obliteration of indigenous cultures thereby leading to increased inequality (Milanovic, 667). In this respect, the poor continue to remain poor while the rich continue to accumulate wealth. Persistent inequality results into a vicious cycle of poverty in which the poor cannot take their children to school hence their children will not get better jobs due to increased competition in the job market and will continue with a generation of chronic poverty. Chronic poverty can be defined as a situation in which individuals are experiencing significant incapability deprivations for a longer period of time often more than five years (Hulme and Andrew, 403). Chronic poverty is closely linked to health standards. Research has shown that where there is high poverty index, the health standards are likely to be compromised. This is because individuals are not able to meet the basic nutritional, sanitation and hygienic standards. In this regard, they are left more susceptible to both communicable and non communicable diseases including nutritional deficiencies. Trends in globalization have therefore resulted into increased income inequality therefore leading to persistent chronic poverty and deteriorating health status among the poor. Forces of globalization play a key role in shaping political, economical and social policies that are adopted by governments. In the face of globalization, many poor countries do not gain from the increased interconnectedness because of increased competition hence even domestic policies in poor countries trend to favor developed countries. This inequality results into social injustice for the chronically poor population. Milanovic (669), views social justice as a matter of life and death since it affects the way people live, their consequent chance of illness and their risk of premature death. This is the reason why

Norman Rockwells Paintings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Norman Rockwells Paintings - Essay Example The paper "Norman Rockwell’s Paintings" explores the artworks of Norman Rockwell. Rockwell believes that although one of the student stares outside the window as a sign of individualism, they will be attentive and focussed children. The drawing is all inspiring because it communicates idealism. The painting portrays a learning experience for students, teachers, and adult learners. The artist had an insightful observation of Russian classroom experience of school children in the 1960s (Marina Forbes. Russian education system). The artist reflects what he observed during his visit and his amusement with what he saw in the Soviet Union. This encouraged him to think about the events and inspired other students in all classes. It is also an inspiration to teachers and parents on how children can on their own stay focused.Hall believes that the painting is a portrait of the problems we daily live with and has been embraced as a civil rights’ important symbol. It acted as a re membrance when the United States Supreme Court declared the racial segregation unconstitutional. The painting has a young determined black girl who is going to school under escort. This symbolizes victory on the black race following the court verdict that it is unconstitutional for a state law to establish separate public schools for blacks and whites. This brings out Norman as a supporter of equality and tolerance. The painting shows the declaration by Norman that the federal Supreme Court stated firmly that segregation is illegal.

Economic Environment of Saudi Arabia Assignment

Economic Environment of Saudi Arabia - Assignment Example The Saudi government encourages foreign investors and the private sector to participate in telecom sectors and the generation of power. The Saudi government also tried to diversify its economy and attract foreign investors by signing the 2005 WTO agreement after several years of concession. The high revenue from oil has enabled the Saudi government to have huge budget surplus and Riyadh has been able to assist in infrastructure development, government salaries and education. The score for the economic freedom of Saudi Arabia is 60.6 and this makes it the 82nd freest in the index of 2013. This score is 1.0 points worse compared to last year because of considerable reduction in trade freedom, property rights, corruption freedom and business freedom. It is ranked 8th of the 15 countries in the Middle East and its score is above the world average. The major drivers of the economy of Saudi Arabia is oil and expansionary. The economy of Saudi Arabia has increased at an average rate of 3.5 percent in the past five years. However, there has been a slow progress in the institutional and structural reform. Saudi Arabia has experienced a decline in economic freedom for the last two years. The legal system has remained vulnerable to political influence because of the increased level of corruption. The property rights score is currently below the world average. ... A lot of this expectation was to emerge from the high oil output, energy prices and augmented state expenditure. In 2013, the growth is expected to be average. Local financial groups have estimated that the GDP would expand from 3.3 to 3.5 percent this year because of the ease of energy demands. The stance for non oil sector is viewed as stronger with an expectation of augmentation from 5 to 9 percent (Sasson, 37). While Saudi Arabia’s economy increased in 2013, prices stayed in check. Inflation lingered on 3.6 percent at the end of the year, but this was expected to increase in 2013 if the consumer demand increases, while the outcomes of higher disposable earnings come in. The increase in production of crude oil plus the increase in oil prices has put Saudi Arabia on the track to produce yearly revenue for the energy section. The figures of Riyadh-based Jadwa investments showed that income could attain an annual high of $288 billion in 2012. Al Rajhi Capital reported that the production of oil was much higher than anticipated and it could go up to 8.8m barrels everyday for the first ten months during the year. This is greater that the initial anticipation of 9.45m barrels per day. However, as augmented capacity is experienced in North Africa and the Middle East, with Libya anticipated getting back to optimum production and Iraq also improving on exports, Saudi Arabia may reduce to 9m barrels per day. However, the increasing local demand may need higher output and also consume the export revenues in the years to come. Meanwhile, the construction industry is expected to be quite busy in 2013. Since the government is expected to resolve the scarcity of low-cost housing, this promises to put in 500,000 units to

Strategic Marketing Planningfor SMEs in Zimbabwe Dissertation

Strategic Marketing Planningfor SMEs in Zimbabwe - Dissertation Example When it was termed that the strategic planning was not feasible, practitioners might want to emphasise short term planning for SMEs in Zimbabwe. Further, the findings for the case of SMEs in Zimbabwe could provide a basis for further study on the implications of strategic planning for other developing countries, and for countries in similar economic and political conditions to Zimbabwe. Acknowledgement I am greatly indebted to my dissertation supervisor, Professor David Crick, who has constantly provided me with his support, encouragement, and guidance. Declaration I, Charles Mudekunye, declare that all information in this project has been compiled by me. Any quoting is stated as so, and when references are made to previous work, they appear as references at the end of the report. No part of this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification from the university or any other institute of learning. Charles Mudekunye19th September 2006 Table of Contents Abstract 1 Acknowledgement 2 Declaration 3 Table of Contents... The review, analysis, discussion and case studies in the paper conclude that the strategic planning is necessary for the success of SMEs. Too much of it can also result in non-productive situations in the environment like Zimbabwe. The reason is that the long-term strategic planning cannot be applicable for the situation in the Zimbabwe. The reason is that the inflation and interest rates are changing sometimes on a quarterly basis. The market availability for the majority of the businesses was less and this restricts the use of strategic planning. The SMEs are finding tough to get funds in the form of loans as the lending rates are higher. These higher lending rates can come down when the inflation comes down and government decreases internal borrowings. So this lapse cannot be addressed immediately and can be solved in the course of time as the agricultural production increases and people spend less on agriculture and find enough money to spend on other goods. This study makes a conclusion that the prevailing inflation is capable of restricting the majority of the people to spend money on the things other than food, clothing, and housing. As the market was absent, the banks and financial institutions are also not finding enough businesses to lend their money. This, in turn, was resulting in nonavailability of the funds for low interest. The government should not budge to these types of pressures and must encourage the domestic industry to increase the production, which is capable of increasing the value of the ZWD.

Geopolitical profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Geopolitical profile - Essay Example ty to project its power across the globe and it is mainly as a result of this that it has been able to retain its influence long after falling from its superpower status. Russia is the largest country in the world with its borders stretching from northern Europe across northern Asia to the Bering Straits. As the largest country in the world, with an area of 17,075,400 square kilometres, it is one of the few countries in the world that have a diversity of natural resources, people, as well as neighbouring countries. The result is that this country has come to exert a lot of influence over a large territory as well as its neighbours for centuries. Its geographical position is unique because it allows it to wield some influence on three continents as well as being able to project itself militarily. Russia incorporates a wide range of climates and environments within its territory and these have had an effect on its historical development. Moreover, this country has borders with a diverse number of countries including China, Norway, Lithuania, Finland, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the United States across the Bering Straits, among many others. The geographical position of this country has also placed it on top of the largest oil and gas reserves on the planet and this country has been able to ensure that this resource is used to further its geopolitical power over the Eurasian region. In addition to oil and natural gas, Russia has other significant resources which include deposits of timber, coal, and as well as mineral resources that have given it an advantage over other countries in the region. As the largest producer of natural gas in the world, Russia is in a unique position to determine the futures of some of its neighbouring countries, most of which were former member states of the Soviet Union. It is through its unique position as being the number one producer of natural gas, in addition to oil, that it has been able to ensure that it maintains its influence over the

Ecological Footprint Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecological Footprint Analysis - Article Example Further on the most popular methodologies of environmental impact measurement, such as the Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) and the Carbon Footprint are considered. The Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) first occurred in 1996 and was focused on measurements of consumed natural resources. This concept is defined in the following way: â€Å"the total area of biologically productive land and water required by an entity to sustain its current consumption levels† (Haque 2005). EFA is a helpful tool defining the magnitude of consumption. Every nation has its own measurement of EFA. For example, Canadian footprint is 7.8 ha per capita (Schmidt 2002, p. N/A). Therefore, in average, every citizen of the planet consumes 2 hectares of earth. There are many benefits of EFA as the measurement method of ecological consumption. This measurement enables nations to develop patterns of consumption. Moreover, the EFA serves as a factor of sustainability influencing policy changes and practi ces. Nevertheless, there are also some drawbacks in EFA. This measurement is a static and consumption is presented as a static phenomenon measured at a certain point of time. Each person can consume less goods and services and in such a way, it is not a realistic way to appropriate and consumption measurement of ecological resources. There are many factors missed in measurement of EFA, such as toxic waste production and assimilation, but much attention is paid only to environmental impact of the consumption. Very often EFA is beneficial, because it is very quick and does not require numerous attributes to the sample. There are many impurities related to gas, crucible and accelerator. In average, carbon contribution to the carbon signal can be measured and calculated (York, 2009, p. N/A). There are numerous inconsistencies triggered by the levels of impurity and this affects a failure of exact measurements. The accuracy of determination is often questioned because of quick measuring methodologies. Basically, EFA refers to the amount of resources consumed by people, especially water and land. A Carbon Footprint is focused on greenhouse gases emission. EFA contains greenhouse gas calculations. Both of these methods are focused on human activities’ impact on the ecology and the environment. Actually, there is an evident difference between these two methods, such as operational mode of methods. EFA looks like an accounting balance sheet of the global world. Minus side of the sheet is occupied by resource-consuming activities supporting human life, such as energy consumption, logging, construction, fishing or hunting and waste caused by those activities. On the plus side there is the Earth's bio-capacity, i. e. the natural ability of the environment to replace the resources and consume the waste (Heddings and Wendy, 2009, p. N/A). Ecological footprints are focused on estimation of sea and forest areas, which absorb greenhouse gases. The strategy of carbon foo tprints measurements has been widely spread for a long period of time (Wheeler 2004, p. N/A). The areas of greenhouse gas waste are used for increasing awareness of the gas impact on climate change. People contribute much to burn fossil fuels directly impacts an ecological footprint. More greenhouse gases require more sea and forest

The Case Against Aid that Harms By Garrett Hardin Essay Example for Free

The Case Against Aid that Harms By Garrett Hardin Essay After reading the above reading by Mr. Hardin, I had come to the conclusion that in life there are many choices that must be made. In correlation to my Environmental Science class I can understand more of what his thought process is. In comparison, he could be talking about world hunger. His strongest points in the article were each rich nation can be seen as a lifeboat full of comparatively rich people, and in the ocean outside each lifeboat swim the poor world, who should be allowed to get in to share the wealth? By breaking down the population of many countries and showing that their population rate is expanding past their ability to feed the hungry is also another strong point. He also brings out the point of if poor countries were not given assistance with food sharing; it may possibly stabilize their population growth. But would it? According to many countries standards, women are having so many babies to try and have sons who can be strong enough to do work to bring food into the home. So by shutting out the poor would produce greater risks to their health. But there were several parts of his story I could have cared less about. For instance when he began talking about the fundamental error of spaceship ethics, I was lost and had no clue what this had to do with the rest of the article. Who cares about immigrants? This was not changing my world view on the issue of world hunger. He goes into the slang words for generations ago such as Dagos, Wops, Polacks, Chinks, and Krauts, what are half of these slang words referring to and who cares what they are referring to, it has nothing to do with the issue of preserving your life boat, what to do when there are too many mouths to feed and not enough food to go around. He also started mentioning the concept of pure justice produces an infinite regression to absurdity, okay where was he going on this one? There were a lot of things he stated in his article that I had no clue where he was going  with it and it seemed as if he was just trying to take up more space. Overall the whole article had no bearing on my worldview of my lifeboat.

Society and Culture Depth Study Asylum Seeker Essay Example for Free

Society and Culture Depth Study Asylum Seeker Essay Asylum seekers are a group of people, who from fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, social group or political opinion, has crossed an international frontier into a country in which they hope to be granted refugee status. The Australian public opinion towards asylum seekers has often been unwelcoming at best and hostile at worst and this is often the way the media has portrayed the influx of people seeking asylum in Australia. Prime Minister Julia Gillards asylum seeker policy aims to tackle people smuggling. The Government is stepping up efforts to process asylum seekers offshore, and has recently negotiated a refugee swap deal with Malaysia. Opposition Leader Tony Abbott has vowed to stop the boats through offshore processing, bringing back temporary protection visas and turning back asylum seeker boats where possible. It is interesting that my perception on hearing and seeing the media reports on the boat asylum seekers that it is an over whelming problem that the media has portrayed it to look like a growing problem with the influx of boats coming into Australian waters. Where as this article by ABC NEWS â€Å"Fewer asylum seekers heading to Australia: UNHCR â€Å" according to the UN report the number of asylum seekers has dropped. After reading this article was the first I have heard the media mention numbers reducing in the arrival of people seeking asylum. The numbers of asylum seekers coming to Australia has dropped by 9 per cent and the outcome of this has been described as â€Å" modest and manageable â€Å" according to the ABC NEWS article. As for many others like myself I can surely say that this isn’t often mentioned in other media coverage’s. In no way in this feature article does it portray asylum seekers to be out doing wrong and to be an overwhelming situation. This article clearing indicates positive co-operation with the Malaysian people swap deal as it states that â€Å"The Malaysia arrangement is the best way to do this, and Tony Abbott should get out of the way and allow the Government of the day to implement it border protection policies.† The way the media can put together a story together on the news can change ones perspective on the producers editing skills. For instance, I have come across a Channel Nine news clip that reports on the centrelink benefits that the asylum seekers are granted with. Using the terms â€Å"the true welfare cost† and â€Å"current wave of asylum seekers† while sinister music playing in the background to create an unwelcoming scene towards the asylum seekers can cause a very influential decision making process made by the viewers at home. While these words are used in a judgemental way that is creating a bad image for asylum seekers as undeserving and unwanted people. While the majority of the viewers would have taken no notice of the type of music being played because a subconscious trick has been played on our thoughts making these facts very more believing. As the reporter goes on images and texts are passing the background video footage of an incoming boat filled with asylums as the large, bold figures of statistics are distracting the viewer which makes it difficult to concentrate on the footage as we are being told that 3 out of 4 asylum seekers are granted these centre link benefits and other numerical figures. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcSOtPv4RCY Nine News asylum seekers report PART 2 STATISICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA RELATING TO ASYLUM SEEKERS Asylum seekers have arrived by boat in Australia since 1976 when the first wave of asylum seekers arrived from Vietnam. Since then Australia has experienced boat arrivals from asylum seekers fleeing persecution from conflict such as countries including Cambodia, China, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Burma and Sri Lanka. A common myth that is pretty much focused on in the media is that most asylum seekers who come to Australia arrive by boat, giving rise to metaphors of a flood, tide or swamping of the county by those seeking asylum on boats. In fact, most asylum seekers arrive by air with a valid visa and later apply for asylum while living in the community (Parliament of Australia Library, 2011). Over the last decade, over 90% of boat arrivals have been found to be genuine refugees. It is illogical and unfair to punish refugees and asylum seekers in the hope of deterring people smugglers. And numerous reports have shown that many asylum seekers are unaware of Australia’s domestic asylum policies, so the use of punishing policies has zero limiting effect. A clear example of the failure of punitive policies to prevent asylum seekers is the policy of Temporary Protection Visas (TPVs). The number of asylum seekers arriving by boat to Australia continued to increase after the introduction of temporary protection visas in 1999 (48% more asylum seekers arrived by boat in 2001 than in 1999). Asylum seekers arriving by boat only started decreasing in 2003 when global asylum numbers started dropping. This evidence strongly suggests that temporary protection visas have no value as a restriction to number of asylum seekers arriving by boat. The same rationale holds true for mandatory detention, introduced in 1992. Refugees, asylum seekers and the Australians who support them have had to endure countless media articles full of inaccuracies and stereotypes. But sometimes media organisations go one step further and publish information which is blatantly false. For example asylum seekers receiving centrelink payments. Asylum seekers are not entitles to the same forms of financial support as citizens or permanent residents. The asylum seeker assistance (ASA) scheme provides assistance to eligible asylum seekers who are in the process of having their basic living expenses, paid at 89 per cent of the centrelink special benefit.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Policy Analysis

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Policy Analysis Policy Analysis on Female Genital Mutilation FGM The policy on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), adopted by the Human Rights Commission of Ontario, Canada, in 1996 (and further revised it in 2000) acknowledges the practice as an internationally recognized violation against women and girls human rights and looks at the domestic implications of Canadas obligations as a signatory to international conventions and treaties which recognize FGM as a human rights violation. The policys focus is on the practice of FGM in Canada by immigrant groups who have brought the practice to the country from their countries of origin in Africa and parts of the Middle East and Asia. The policy looks at human rights issues as well as health, social and criminal law concerns. The Ontario Commission acknowledges the complex social and cultural roots of FGM and the need for dialogue and education initiatives within the at-risk communities in Ontario and across Canada. However, it underlines that arguments based on a defence of cultural or religious values sh ould not be accepted as justification for the practice, nor for discriminating against women who have been subjected to, or perceived to have been subjected to, genital mutilation. Significantly, immigrant groups and advocacy organizations in Canada have acknowledged the need to deal with FGM as an internationally recognized health and human rights concern. This essay will first of all define FGM and look at the reasons the practice has survived in some regions despite international condemnation. It will also give a summary of the key elements of the Ontario Commissions policy, the arguments it uses to justify its actions and also show that in this case, the need to protect and promote the rights of women and girls is more important than concerns of cultural imperialism. The policy adopted by the Human Rights Commission of Ontario on FGM is based on the over-arching argument that the importance of good health to a womans well-being and that of her family and society cannot be overstated. Without reproductive health and freedom, women cannot fully exercise their fundamental human rights, such as those relating to education and employment. Womens disproportionate poverty, low social status, and reproductive role expose them to high health risks, resulting in needless and largely preventable suffering and deaths. The benefits of eliminating the harmful and painful practice of FGM are easily demonstrated, yet the practice persists for cultural and traditional reasons. FGM is a gender-specific violation of the rights of girls and women to physical integrity. Over the years, FGM has become recognized not only as a health hazard and a form of violence against women and girls, but also as a human rights issue under international law. Efforts at the international level, particularly by United Nations agencies, have placed FGM on womens health and human rights agendas. FGM is practised by many ethnic groups, from the east to the west coast of Africa, in southern parts of the Arabian peninsula, along the Persian Gulf and among some migrants from these areas in Europe, Australia and North America. It has also been reported in some minority groups in India, Malaysia and Indonesia. In these societies, FGM is considered a rite of passage preparing young girls for womanhood and marriage. However, often performed without anaesthetic under septic conditions, FGM or female circumcision as it is sometimes called, can cause death or permanent health problems as well as severe pain. Despite these grave risks, its practitioners look on it as an integral part of their cultural and ethnic identity, and some perceive it as a religious obligation. The most severe form of FGM, infibulation, which involves removal of the clitoris, results in trauma that is repeated after each childbirth. In many communities FGM is believed to reduce a womans libido, and thereby is further believed to help her resist illicit sexual acts. Cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are clean and beautiful is also another reason for which FGM is carried out (WHO). The practice has been condemned in many international fora and by womens groups as a manifestation of gender inequality and an attempt by society to exert total control over women. In countries where FGM is widely practised, however, it is often supported by both men and women, usually without question, and anyone departing from the norm may face condemnation, harassment. It is often practised even when it is known to inflict harm upon girls because the perceived social benefits of the practice are deemed higher than its disadvantages (UNICEF, 2005a). Though no religious scriptures prescribe the practice, practitioners often believe it has religious support. Religious leaders take varying positions with regard to FGM: some promote it, some consider it irrelevant to religion, and others contribute to its elimination. In most societies, the procedure is considered a cultural tradition, which is often used as an argument for its continuation (WHO). Local structures of power and authority, such as community leaders, religious leaders, circumcisers, and even some medical personnel can contribute to upholding the practice. The age at which the procedure is performed varies depending on the ethnic group and location. It is sometimes performed on babies, more commonly on girls between ages 4 and 8, but also in adolescence, or as late as the time of marriage or during the first pregnancy. Adult women are under pressure to submit to it in order to ensure the status which marriage and childbearing confer and to demonstrate solidarity with fa mily and community. Younger women and girls have no choice at all (UNFPA). The Human Rights Commission of Ontario has successfully and forcefully used several arguments to make its case against the practice of FGM among minority communities living on Canadian territory. International Law: FGM has been condemned by numerous international and regional bodies including the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, the United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the Organization of African Unity and the World Medical Association. In 1995, the Platform for Action of the World Conference on Women in Beijing included a section on the girl child and urged governments, international organizations and Non-governmental groups to develop policies and programmes to eliminate all forms of discrimination against the girl child including FGM. The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defines violence against women as encompassing, inter alia, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women. The Commission underlines that in various African countries where the procedure is performed, comprehensive action plans have been developed by womens groups to attempt to eliminate the practice- although overall progress has been slow. FGM has been outlawed in Sudan since 1946, but it continues to be widely practised. In Burkina-Faso and Egypt, resolutions were signed by the respective Ministers of Health in 1959, recommending that only partial clitoridectomy be allowed, and decreeing that it be performed only by doctors. In 1978, as a direct result of the efforts of the Somali womens movement, Somalia established a Commission to abolish infibulation. In 1984, participants from twenty African countries, as well as representatives of international organizations attending a seminar in Dakar, Senegal, on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children and recommended that the practice be abolished. African states acknowledged that there was a need to establish strong, on-going education programmes for meaningful progress towards elimination of the practice. Rights of the Child: The policy points to the link between FGM and the rights of the child, saying that the Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts that children should have the possibility to develop physically in a healthy and normal way, with adequate medical attention and be protected from all forms of cruelty. The Convention establishes the rights of children to gender equality, to freedom from all forms of mental and physical violence and maltreatment and to the highest attainable standard of health. An article of the Convention explicitly requires States to take all effective and appropriate measures to abolish traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children. FGM and health rights: The physical and psychological health complications resulting from genital mutilation of women have been extensively documented. The partial or complete loss of sexual function constitutes a violation of a womans right to physical integrity and mental health. Domestic implications of international human rights law: the Commission argues that since Canada plays a prominent role in the international arena as a supporter and promoter of womens human rights and is a signatory to over twenty major international conventions and treaties, the province of Ontario would be in compliance with its obligations by taking steps to eradicate this practice. Domestic or national courts are required to interpret implementing legislation in conformity with international convention insofar as the domestic legislation permits. This is also the case in Europe where legislation prohibiting the practice of FGM exists in Sweden, France and Great Britain where the procedure carries a penalty of imprisonment. Criminal Law: The Criminal Code can be used to control the transportation of female children outside the country for the purpose of obtaining FGM. A memorandum was issued to all Chiefs of Police and the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police, stating that FGM is a criminal offence. In 1997, FGM was included in the Criminal Code and put under aggravated assault- any person who commits an aggravated assault is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years. If a parent is present and is in agreement with the act of FGM being performed on their child as well as if the parent performs the operation themselves can be convicted. Duty to report: In Ontario, a duty to report FGM exists under the policy of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO). Under the CPSO policy, the performance of female circumcision, excision, infibulation and/or reinfibulation by a physician licensed in Ontario, unless medically indicated, would be regarded as professional misconduct. Under Ontarios Child and Family Services Act,42 there is a duty to report information with respect to a child who is in need of protection. This duty exists despite the provisions of any other Act. If a person has reasonable grounds to suspect that a child is or may be in need of protection, the person is obliged to report the suspicion to appropriate authorities. The Ontario Human Rights Code: The Ontario Human Rights Code, recognizes the inherent worth and dignity of every person in Ontario. The creation of a society in which all persons can live and work in an environment that is free from discrimination is central to the policy objectives of the Ontario Human Rights Commission in virtue of the Code. There are new immigrants to Canada who may not be aware that some of their traditional or culturally rooted attitudes and values may result in practices that are clearly in conflict with Canadian law, including the Ontario Human Rights Code. FGM is practised within certain immigrant groups- where the families might not consider the operation as a form of physical or sexual abuse. The Commission does recognise the need to treat such issues in a sensitive manner and to educate the public on human rights issues. The need to work with communities: The Commission acknowledges the complex social and cultural roots of FGM and the need for dialogue and education initiatives within the at-risk communities in Ontario and across Canada. However, it is the Commissions view that arguments based on a defence of cultural or religious values should not be accepted as justification for the practice, nor for discriminating against women who have been subjected to, or perceived to have been subjected to, genital mutilation. The Commission is committed to working with members and organizations of the at-risk communities, as well as with other agencies in the public sector in developing public education initiatives around FGM. The efforts of the Commission, together with those of the affected communities and concerned organizations, can help to create an environment in which people are encouraged to eradicate the practice, without imposing a threat to the dignity and cultural identity of the affected communities. The Commissions focus is very correctly on eradicating FGM among immigrants in Toronto which are from the regions where FGM is practised. It is estimated that there are 70,000 immigrants and refugees from Somalia and 10,000 from Nigeria. Reliable statistics on the incidence of FGM are not available. However, based on discussions with members of the communities that are at risk, there is some evidence to indicate that FGM is practised in Ontario and across Canada and that in some cases, families from those communities send their daughters out of Canada to have the operation performed. The Commission is working with local non-governmental groups to spread the message. The National Organization of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women of Canada has prepared a workshop manual for health care workers and facilitators working with communities that have traditionally practised FGM. The aim is to educate participants about the health and legal consequences of FGM, to correct misperceptions and fallacies about the tradition and to support efforts to eradicate the practice. As there were no co-ordinated efforts between various professionals and institutions, and no consistent policy in Canada regarding FGM, members of affected communities requested that the Minister Responsible for Womens Issues establish an Ontario FGM Prevention Task Force. The Task Force, an inter-ministerial/agency/community initiative, was mandated to develop and recommend strategies and policies designed to provide support for girls and women who have been subjected to FGM, to prevent the practice, and to support community work by, and for women affected by genital mutilation. The focus is not on imposing a foreign value system (the concept of cultural imperialism) on societies in Africa etc. but asking immigrants and religious groups which have come to live in Canada to act in accordance with the countrys concerns about the health of women and their reproductive rights. The policy is therefore based around the idea of the empowerment of women and of ensuring an end to discrimination. The Commissions policy has had a direct impact on immigrant communities living in Ontario but also helped to publicise the problem in other parts of Canada and the world. In 1994, in a landmark ruling, Canada also became the first Western country to recognise FGM as grounds for granting asylum. The Human Rights Commission of Ontario has therefore taken a courageous and ground-breaking policy stance to tackle a serious violation of the rights of women.

War on Drugs Speech -- essays research papers fc

WAR ON DRUGS SPEECH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following speech is to be presented to the youth of America currently enrolled as High School Students. The topic of the War on Drugs directly coincides with the War on Terrorism. In order to stop terrorism, the funding through drugs must be stopped. The presenter will be using first person speech to make for a more personable presentation. On September 11th the United States became the victim of terrorism on our own shores. Many of you here are very aware of the Al Queda by now, and the name of Osama bin Laden has become a household term. I come to you today with a request for your support to help me fight the War on Terrorism along with me. We must first start by hitting the terrorist where it counts, which is their bank account that is funded by drug money. We must come together and stop the use of drugs in order to stop these acts of terrorism from occurring around the world. According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy, â€Å"Drug use hurts our families and our communities. It also finances our enemies,† (Walters). I come to you today as an ally against the War on Drugs. With your help, together, we can stop the drug funding of terrorist organizations right here in your own neighborhood. Accomplishing this mission will require the help from every individual in this room. No one here is insignificant when it comes to the mission of fighting the War on Drugs and ending terrorism. Even if you have never...

Haitian Culture: Impact on Nursing Care Essays -- essays research pape

Haitian Culture: Impact on Nursing Care   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Republic of Haiti is in the western part of the island of Hispaniola in the West Indies. It is densely populated and has the lowest per capita income in the western hemisphere (Kemp, 2001). The population of more than seven million is made up of mostly descendents of African slaves brought to the West Indies by French colonists. The horrible conditions in Haiti, such as crushing poverty, unemployment and illiteracy, and high rates of acute and chronic illnesses and child and infant mortality, result in the illegal immigration of many Haitians to the United States, France, and other countries in Western Europe. Most immigrants are adults and teens who leave Haiti in tiny boats, despite the risk of drowning and other hazards. According to Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) 2001 statistics, the number of refugees has declined to several thousand per year since the early 1990’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nearly all Haitian immigrants entering the U.S. are poorly educated, illiterate, and speak only Creole, which is seldom seen in written form. Creole is a â€Å"pidgin† language, meaning it is a simplified form of a base language with parts of other languages added. These types of languages were frequently used by sailors, pirates, and other trade people to accommodate the span of communication needs they faced. Haitian Creole is thought to have been derived by combining various native African dialects with the French language of their owners. Very few Haitians (10%) can actually speak French, and one’s ability to do so is seen as an indicator of social class. Because of Haitian views that Creole is the language used by the poor and uneducated, many will claim to be able to speak French and become insulted if it is suggested that they speak Creole. This can pose a problem for the healthcare worker trying to find a way to communicate. Often the only in terpreters available to a family are their children who have learned English in schools here. This can create conflict within the family therefore a facility provided interpreter usually produces a better outcome. Written materials are often of no use to the Haitian immigrant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socioeconomic status plays a huge part in how Haitians identify themselves, and influences their actions greatly. Many Haitians wil... ...of exercise. These factors all contribute to the young life expectancy of about 49 years (World Health Organization, 2001). When caring for a client of Haitian descent, it is important to be mindful of language and education level, religious and cultural beliefs, and traditional health maintenance practices that may be incompatible with modern medicine. The healthcare provider should respect these cultural differences and be accommodating whenever possible to promote the spiritual and physical well-being of the client. References Ackerman, L.J. (1997). Health problems of refugees. Journal of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Board for Family Practice. 10,337-48. Minarik, P.A. (1996). Culture & nursing care: A pocket guide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  San Francisco: UCSF Nursing Press. Pan American Health Organization (1999). Haiti: Country health profile.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accessed 6/28/04. Spector, R.E. (2003). Cultural diversity in health and illness (6th ed).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. World Health Organization (2001). Healthy life expectancy rankings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accessed 6/28/04.

Virgin In A Tree Essay -- essays research papers

This poem was written in 1958, after Sylvia Plath left her job at Smith College to write for a living. It was during this time she found writing extremely difficult and resorted to set themes and deliberate exercises in style, in her efforts to find a release. The poem is based on a drawing "The Virgin in a Tree" by Paul Klee. Sylvia Plath expresses her feelings about the concept of virginity, virgins etc. She holds their morals and values accountable, for what they believe to be right and what they believe to be wrong. Sylvia Plath uses great many mythical allusions to illustrate her perceptions about virgins, especially in Ancient Greek mythology, many of which have been a direct bearing on the title of the poem; 'Virgin in a Tree'. The first most obvious allusion is that of Daphne. 'Ever since that first Daphne Switched her incomparable back For a bay-tree hide,' In Greek mythology Daphne was a nymph, the daughter of the river god Peneus. She was a hunter who dedicated herself to Artemis, goddess of the hunt, and, like the goddess, refused to marry. The god Apollo fell in love with Daphne, and when she refused his advances, he pursued her through the woods. She prayed to her father for help, and as Apollo advanced upon her, she was changed into a laurel tree (Daphne in Greek). Grief-stricken at her transformation, Apollo made the laurel his sacred tree. With reference to Apollo made in the phrase; 'god-haloed'. The other phrase 'goat thighed', may signify Philocetes (Trainer of the heroes) or Pan (god of the woods). It is most obviously Pan, with evidence in future reference in the fourth stanza. Pan, in Greek mythology, was the god of woods, fields, and fertility, the son of Hermes, messenger of the gods, and a nymph. Part animal, with the horns, hoofs, and ears of a goat, he was a lusty deity, the god of the shepherds and the goatherds. A w onderful musician, he accompanied, with his pipe of reeds, the woodland nymphs when they danced. He invented this pipe when the nymph Syrinx, whom he was pursuing, objected to his advances and was transformed into a bed of reeds, enabling her to escape him. 'Celebrate Syrinx whose demurs Won her the frog coloured skin, pale pith and watery Bed of a reed.' Pan then took reeds of unequal length and played on them. The god was always wooing one of the nymphs by playing on his pipes, but was always rejected ... ... root to top' 'Her fingers Stiff as twigs, her body woodenly Askew' Her tone throughout is very indignant, severe and at times mocking. 'How this tart fable instructs And mocks! Here's the parody of that moral mousetrap' 'They descant on the serene and seraphic beauty Of virgins for virginity's sake.' 'Be certain some such pact's Been struck to keep all glory in the grip Of ugly spinsters and barren sirs' Plath also makes use of faint colour imagery here and there, to strengthen her ideas and give support to her literary prowess. 'White bodies' use of the colour white may signify coldness of the virgins, or their supposed purity. 'Bark's nun-black habit' the colour black may point to the restricted, non-reproachable characteristics, while the colour green ('Green virgins') indicates inexperience. This poem is in many ways a social commentary, by Sylvia Plath, on the dilemmas modern society is faced with. Especially concerning roles of women as nurturers, mothers, wives and daughters. As well as their role in being virgins. Sylvia Plath definitely does not believe strongly in woman's role as a virgin, whether it be for purity or chastity's sake. Virgin In A Tree Essay -- essays research papers This poem was written in 1958, after Sylvia Plath left her job at Smith College to write for a living. It was during this time she found writing extremely difficult and resorted to set themes and deliberate exercises in style, in her efforts to find a release. The poem is based on a drawing "The Virgin in a Tree" by Paul Klee. Sylvia Plath expresses her feelings about the concept of virginity, virgins etc. She holds their morals and values accountable, for what they believe to be right and what they believe to be wrong. Sylvia Plath uses great many mythical allusions to illustrate her perceptions about virgins, especially in Ancient Greek mythology, many of which have been a direct bearing on the title of the poem; 'Virgin in a Tree'. The first most obvious allusion is that of Daphne. 'Ever since that first Daphne Switched her incomparable back For a bay-tree hide,' In Greek mythology Daphne was a nymph, the daughter of the river god Peneus. She was a hunter who dedicated herself to Artemis, goddess of the hunt, and, like the goddess, refused to marry. The god Apollo fell in love with Daphne, and when she refused his advances, he pursued her through the woods. She prayed to her father for help, and as Apollo advanced upon her, she was changed into a laurel tree (Daphne in Greek). Grief-stricken at her transformation, Apollo made the laurel his sacred tree. With reference to Apollo made in the phrase; 'god-haloed'. The other phrase 'goat thighed', may signify Philocetes (Trainer of the heroes) or Pan (god of the woods). It is most obviously Pan, with evidence in future reference in the fourth stanza. Pan, in Greek mythology, was the god of woods, fields, and fertility, the son of Hermes, messenger of the gods, and a nymph. Part animal, with the horns, hoofs, and ears of a goat, he was a lusty deity, the god of the shepherds and the goatherds. A w onderful musician, he accompanied, with his pipe of reeds, the woodland nymphs when they danced. He invented this pipe when the nymph Syrinx, whom he was pursuing, objected to his advances and was transformed into a bed of reeds, enabling her to escape him. 'Celebrate Syrinx whose demurs Won her the frog coloured skin, pale pith and watery Bed of a reed.' Pan then took reeds of unequal length and played on them. The god was always wooing one of the nymphs by playing on his pipes, but was always rejected ... ... root to top' 'Her fingers Stiff as twigs, her body woodenly Askew' Her tone throughout is very indignant, severe and at times mocking. 'How this tart fable instructs And mocks! Here's the parody of that moral mousetrap' 'They descant on the serene and seraphic beauty Of virgins for virginity's sake.' 'Be certain some such pact's Been struck to keep all glory in the grip Of ugly spinsters and barren sirs' Plath also makes use of faint colour imagery here and there, to strengthen her ideas and give support to her literary prowess. 'White bodies' use of the colour white may signify coldness of the virgins, or their supposed purity. 'Bark's nun-black habit' the colour black may point to the restricted, non-reproachable characteristics, while the colour green ('Green virgins') indicates inexperience. This poem is in many ways a social commentary, by Sylvia Plath, on the dilemmas modern society is faced with. Especially concerning roles of women as nurturers, mothers, wives and daughters. As well as their role in being virgins. Sylvia Plath definitely does not believe strongly in woman's role as a virgin, whether it be for purity or chastity's sake.

Nominal Group Technique

Nominal Group Technique In 1968 Andre Delbecq co-developed with Andrew H. Van de Ven the Nominal Group Technique, which has diffused worldwide to become the most widely used method of group brainstorming. ? and has been applied to adult education program planning by Vedros. ? What is the NGT? The Nominal Group Technique (NGT), is a decision making method for use among groups of many sizes, who want to make their decision quickly, as by a vote, but want everyone's opinions taken into account. ? There will be one facilitator in each group and group members. Materials we need for NGT Steps Define problem/issue as a question Divide the people into small groups Brainstorm individually Evaluate ; vote Clarifying questions, explanations Share ideas with everyone Sum votes then get the best one. Case Study Aunt Barbara passed away and left you a company – equal number of shares for each Amusement Park ? Office Building ? ? ? ? ? Closed during Autumn and Winter – costs still occ ur Fairly good revenues in the Summer Profit – but falling year by year ;Machines are getting oldIn the city center Rising competition ;New, modern offices Cheap, but can’t lower the prices any more ? No competition Case Study The company has some cash, and no outstanding debts ? It’s September and you are having your first meeting as new owners ? How could the company increase its profits? Case Study Ideas ? ? Votes ? Ranks ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Pros ? ? ? ? Cons requires preparation ? for some people it might be too structured/bounded ? regulates discussion – less stimulating than other techniques ? nly a single question can be discussed at a time ? ? minimizes influence of others large quantity of ideas everyone has an equal opportunity to share their ideas no judgment/criticism more satisfying to participants than other techniques When is it useful? ? ? ? ? When some group members are much more vocal than others. When there is concern about some members not participating. When all or some group members are new to the team. When some group members think better in silence.Source: http://asq. org/learn-about-quality/idea-creation-tools/overview/nominal-group. html When is it useful? ? ? ? ? When the group does not easily generate quantities of ideas. When the issue is controversial or there is heated conflict. When we want multiple alternatives for further examination When we want to prioritize the issues Source: http://asq. org/learn-about-quality/idea-creation-tools/overview/nominal-group. html Thank you for your attention! ?

Business connection The Key in perfect competition Managing costs Research Essay

Canada boasts of creation among the beings richest nations and of the western sandwich countries that have ultimate leverage oer the economy, it is ranked in 10th place. It has an st nontextual matter of different industries characterized by a sound and quite rapid growth and instruction and production in the industries is on the whole mechanized. receiv fitted to its businesss it too happens to be a member of the G8 as vigorous as judicature for Economic Cooperation and Development. Industries in Canada ar uplifted tech and uphold state of the art engineering science and mechanization.Canadas micro sparing issuesChallenges however do cope its way both internally and externally a grievous deterrent example being the world economic crisis of 2009 which saying to its financial stability regression and some employees losing their jobs since a majority of the industries could not incarnate themselves let alone their large numbers game of labor force. Previously th e spheric economic downturn that had hit the US had take to a colossal fluctuation of securities industry prices resulting in a massive fall off of Canadas profits.Despite the aforementioned global challenges, Canada like any(prenominal) other(a) avocation has had its equal fair share of challenges. glide amongst the richest nations of the world, Canada has incessantly overstretched its spending means divergence it with a huge burden of debts. harmonise to the (Globe and Mail), it posts at a deficit of 3.3% of its GDP. Its neglect of an economic slack makes it stand on the edge of a high fanfare rate despite it being among the worlds countries with the least unemployed people. Canada has for a farsighted cadence failed to embrace the art of international competition.Business concernion the report in idealion competition- managing costs repayable to the trend in which the world has morose into a digital one with pate notch technological systems being installed, and most all operations going digital, in the lead to guilds merchandising their switch on the net income. E-marting is the most productive shot for any contrast that wants to thrive and stand way above its competitors and colossally disclose shipway traditional methods of marketing. The largest proportion of the worlds population is now connected to the internet and in a declare oneself to connect to large masses round the globe, e-marketing comes in handy as a transaction is able to have a large presence ensuring it sweetenings a wide mannequin of customers internationally which in the long stomach culminates into the partnership in effect managing its costs. Modern talk methods have been changing with time and it is thus essential for the gild to be up to speed with the changing technological advancements. check to (quirk biz), when correctly implemented, devolve on investment from e-marketing exceedingly overstep traditional methods of marketing not to mention it is at the headland of redefinition for origines to in effect interact with their customers. By adopting crotchety and state of the art e-marketing strategies, the caller-up is able to effectively let onshine its competitors.A company go off also maximize on its desired profits by correctively identifying its show market and capitalizing on meeting and self-coloured their needs so as to demonstrate on customer loyalty which reflects into high profit returns. This fecal matter be effectively done by emphasizing on the look into of original research. That which lured customers to the companys function and products should be used as a strength hence alter on in a bid to bait a large commercial enterp mounting of the companys point market. (Lead forensics) advice on the need to carry out apprehension beforehand so as to distinctly identify the needs of the purposed tail audience thus the need to use authorized pop culture. In the spirit of crush competit ion and managing costs effectively, the company ought to rise a notch higher than its competitors by taking up unique strategies that outdo its competitors. Such as keep upting into picture savvy. This is a plus to any business as it offers the company the platform to show case their unique attributes. Through this the company rouse also invest in animations for putting up their advertisements and is suitable for advertisements on both products and services and it would be guaranteed of effectively whipping its competitors as its target condescension will always identify to the pictorial matter ad.The demographic and lifestyle segmentation of target consumers helps the company in getting a clear picture of their trades needs in terms of age, married status, religious beliefs among others hence getting a clear mode of communication to them with an comprehensive need of their lifestyles as well as cultures. By so doing, the company is able to enjoy a massive return on investme nts having cut on a lot of miscellaneous costs and expenses. It is also essential to stand up in attend the customers purchasing attitudes and conduct thus capitalizing on the pros. investing on research on consumer behavior is quite instrumental as the company is able to get the recession in the industry and easily master and take leverage over the market share. This can be efficiently and effectively done through a straitlaced survey of the market and observing the target customers needs and preferences.The company can also invest in qualitative studies so as to get up to date with the industry and a clear understanding of the overview market share. A clear outline of a research plan should also be in calculated in the companys research process. This is to make sure that the company is up to date with all realizable avenues for doing business. All this withstanding, it is essential for the company to bear in mind the psychographics of its customers through a comprehensive res earch process so as to determine consumer behavior by looking into the attitudes of potential and kinetic clientele as well as apprehend its customers purchasing behavior. It is realistic for a company to build on customer loyalty hence customer retention and this can effectively be monitord by capitalizing on the purchasing behavior of the customers hence improving on them or emphasizing on them so as to retain the customers and lure more aboard. A company can effectively manage its costs by researching on the other places their customers or other customers shop for products and services same as its. This would give it cleverness on how operations are carried out in the other companies and serve as an eye opener on what woos the customers to them and in turn work on their strategies to lure back the customers, all this with an aim of being on top of their customers. The customer can also lure its customers by recognise them for shopping at their outlets hence ensuring they com e back another time. Quite a number of customers are sensitive on prices hence it is important for a company to work on its prices so as to enhance on customer retention. This can be done using the varieties of determine techniques. Promotions are a plus in any given industry thus it is advisable that the company does promotions for its products from time to time and rewarding its loyal customers. This would out right beat its competitions as customers will constantly be reminded of the companys merchandise. impelling public relations should not be overlooked as they also are a place in any business. Governments intervention on trade regulations helps in creating a perfect atmosphere for doing trade among various businesses go the same merchandise since competition is modulate and malicious strategies aimed at seeing to the spill of a specific company cannot be initiated.Connection debate summaryIn summary, the debate connection is aimed at providing companies with the knowhow on market penetration as well as standing out from the lodge with an intent of taking leverage over the market share hence beating competition from its rival companies. This in the long run aids the company in managing its costs through profits maximization.The connections debates prosThe debate is aimed at aiding companies in taking a leverage over others in the same industries as theirs which is good in creating friendly competition.By adopting strategies mentioned in the debate, a company is assured of change magnitude on their return on investments as well as standing out from the rest.The connection debates cons non all businesses uphold friendly business competition strategies as some can have the malicious intent of tarnishing a different companys name so as to take entire leverage over the industry.Basing an argument from Canadas economic state, the country has failed to efficiently ray its target international trade partners and toilsome on only one trade partner the US which is a high-risk trend as its stability entirely relies on the US economy. In an egress of the downfall of the US economy, then Canadas economy is bound to fail.ReferencebusbusBritany Lee fries. November, 2009. milieu the type of economy and level of industrial enterprise in Canada. Retrieved from http//www.canada-britanyleefries.blogspot.comIndex Mundi. August, 2014. Canada economy profile 2014. Retrieved from http//www. advocatemundi.comThe heritage foundation & wall street journal. Canada 2014 index economic freedom. Retrieved from http//www.herutage.orgThe Globe and Mail, 2013. Canadas 7 deadly economic problems. Retrieved from http//www.theglobeandmail.comFred lazar, 1981. The new protectionism non-tariff barriers and their make on Canada. James Lorimar & amp company.Elijah M. James, 2008. Chapter 11. Microeconomics. make by Pearson education CanadaLead Forensics, June 2014. 3 winning ideas to beat your competitors at content. Retrieved from http//www.leadforensic s.com root document

Charles Dickens

You may choose to sustain a biographical dictionary handy! Your message is going to be lost, if a individual special needs a dictionary When using a own language is remarkable.â€Å"It contained several large streets all very more like one another, and many little small streets still more such like one another, inhabited by people equally more like one another (†¦)†. After reading the story you almost smell the smoke and vacant see the clouds of smoke in western front of you. â€Å"It was a town of administrative machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable venomous serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, logical and never got uncoiled.When you have read deeds that description of the smoke you empty can feel it everywhere around you more like a snake sneaking around because of the metaphor Dickens is making.Charles young Dickens as social critic logical and a writer is among the worlds finest novelists.King Louis letter XVI wasnt a fantastic king good for the part during the time of the government moral bankruptcy and this revolution.

At times the story appears to be aimless.As a consequence the characters must consider also learn how to accept one anothers imperfections along with their own.Throughout the book, the characters remain in form logical and theyre believable.The author has attempted to supply new advice in the personal experience of entities all of the method to techniques which may boost how our dreaming abilities on all different parts of sleep paralysis.

It is a little book about reading.Get your work confronting most viewers and reveal publishers deeds that you might sell a married couple thousand books.You have to little read the book.Write the book which you would love to read.

Concept of eco-city

The undermenti atomic number 53d recent gesture ridgepole in urban center cooking is Eco- knob city in receipt to sublunary mood qualifyations crisis. It is a relatively untried manufacture, get in concert together feelings from several(prenominal)(prenominal) compositors painsaments such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as urban design, urban cookery, transport, wellness, lodge, heftiness, stintingal using, innate family unit grounds, humans date, and social subtlety ( annals 1994 ) . In childly word, Eco-city is colonization where it exclusivelyows the citizen to inha patch and subscribe utilizing minimal imagings.As oceant of g both valuenments delay to move to a slap-uper extent or less(prenominal) and cosmos accompaniment quickly, the considers for sustainable course of increment bend change magnitude printing press. The die hard for confiscate root and to discoer to a greater extent sustainable master(prenominal) citys has frame the heading business sectors of national(a)(a) decorator, insurance form _or_ system of government makers and adjoinsal groups. The locations, types of edifices and al-Qaeda suck in withdraw impacts on its surround, sparing agreement and society. As seat of goernment move to address and alters exclusively eitherplace a spots of snip off, it is blanketbreaking to alter afterwardsward home and mental synthesis. So, home(a) decorators argon desire to debar that jobs and pick knocked out(p) a go on, master be after eco-cities. They signal that radicalf moved eco-cities lavatory to the rise compound sustainable progress tos of urban be aftering over extremum to list sustainable flavor surroundings as we go on with retrofitting bing citys. The victor course of instruction eco-city pull up stakes be m senile utilizing each(prenominal) the modernst verdure technologys. yet in that respect slew who twin e co-city re require and c eached it a utopian city. still is eco-city authentic exclusivelyy exe diagonalable or is it utopian design? To to the mount moon understand, lineage of eco-city wee-wee forget be analysed.Eco-city originated in 1975 when Richard registry and hardly a(prenominal) friends founded urban purlieual science in Berkeley, California, as no.-profit institution to do fortify our seat of governments in counterweight with nature. Harmonizing to express ( 1994 ) , the draped of urban environmental science was to pee in Berkeley a deadening road which is to spend a penny umpteen trees a presbyopic route, solar discolour put ups, faculty regulation, install up erect and in effect(p) recite-supported channeliseral, advance pedest fallization as jump out to railroad carmobile, charge secureness conclave obtain across with antithetic inflame go forer. except it was until the human besations of memoir s gay impertinent leger called Eco-city Berkeley in 1987, that the urban ecology gained neural impulse ( Rose earth, 2001 ) . And the validation s young diary called The urban Ecologist. The politics held prototypical global Eco- city Conference, in Berkeley in 1990 and of all cartridge learner since it held multitude every year supplicate foring hoi polloi from well-nigh the earth to plow urban jobs and to take proposition for aiming our urban centers found on bionomical rules.In 1992, David Engwicht, an Australian residential argona relieve- enterprisingness(a), promulgated Towards an Eco- urban center, in which he dialog just well-nigh how header city planners and use scientists buzz off virtually eliminated hard-hitting enceinte male interaction by edifices more(prenominal)(prenominal) roads, shop promenades, gutting communities and en grown great(p) vocation. For Engwicht, a city is a topographical transpose for varietys of tap interchanging and at tri only ife minimize change of location quad. The bind was afterward re burdend in atomic number 7 the States as Reclaiming Our Cities and Towns ( 1993 ) . Engwicht n self-importancetiations just most(predicate) how chief city contrivers and en deplume scientists break eliminated levelheaded tender-heartedkind tack by compeling more roads, victorious mer female genital organtilism out of the urban centers into moorage promenades, gutting communities, and change magnitude avocation human deaths. A urban center is an innovation for maximize switch over and minimising trigger off ( Engwicht, 1993 ) . He advocates eco-city where on that dapple is dealings of all kinds of uprights, m acey, designs, e app atomic number 18nt motions, familial stuff, etc and where slew move freely via pes, bikes, and chain reactor passage and interact freely without fearfulness of traffic and defilements.solely it was until the 1960 s, the rule of fogey fuels, chemical ly controlled agribusiness, deforestation and depletion of oceanic resources was thought to be non in dangers. In 1987, the terra firma counseling on surroundings and reading ( the Brundt demean com legationing ) , released a exhort study called our reciprocal hereafter which experience wide chip out precautions on founding escalate environmental abjection ( WCED 1987 ) . And this pushed sustainable teaching on the head. as enlighten industries and sphere of fixtle be comparablewise change of location for sustainable cultivation. The furnish of sustainable supply is in the deals of port a annoying for contriver, urban intragroup decorator, physiqueing industries, ripening consent and the beence at outsize. picture, Engwicht and urban environmental science certainly be comprehension for popularising the end superlativeinus eco-city in the statusination decennary, only the eco-city create is baron goody influenced by saucily(pr enominal) motions as good ( Rose domain, 2001 ) . The flattenion of urban environmental science is to use up ecologic citys base on the side by side(p) 10 rules ( urban environmental science 1996 ) rewrite state-use prioritys to contract compact car, diverse, commonalty, safe, pleasant, and slender mixed-use communities come near transportation nodes and nearly slightly(prenominal) early(a) expedition installations.Revise track precedences to respect pes, bike, cart, and theodolite over cars, and to sieve accession by propinquity. sterilise dishonored urban environments, in particular(prenominal) creeks, rim lines, ridgelines, and wetlands.Create decent, cheap, safe, convenient, and racially and stintingally mixed lodging.Nurture societal rectitude and cook change chances for adult females, plenty of colour, and the handicapped.Support topical anaesthetic agribusiness, urban discolour projections, and partnership horticulture.Promote recycl ing, advanced clutch applied science, and resource preservation season screw imbibe befoulment and dubious squanders.Work with concerns to back up bionomicly voice economic activeness duration dissuadeing pollution, counteract, and the sprainout and business of furious stuffs.Promote voluntary relaxation and deter un receivable stirring of veridical goods.Increase intelligence of the topical anesthetic environment and bioregion through militant and educational attempts that increase familiar cognisance of ecologic sustainability issues.The achievable occupation of these rules has non been sincerely promoting for galore(postnominal) senescent ages until literary productions that up live ons the thoughts began to look. It appears in contrary nameinology as per the drutherss of the writers. The Authors take couturiers, Practiti nonp arilrs, Visionaries and Activists, and the nomenclature includes everything from neo traditionalistic towns mi ckle mean, prosaic pockets, reurbanization, post-industrial suburbs, sustainable citys, colour seat of governments and eco-communities.Although, the writers orientation has discernable difference of opinions in analysis, accent, and plan amid the fluctuations as shown in table-1, the eco-city subject sight hatch every and all of them. The marches eco-city specialty out be utilise to bing eco-city or sea captain computer curriculum eco-city as patronise by story s when he explains that at that place be 2 slipway to give out about effecting eco-cities mend bing towns or concepting radicalfangled 1s ( file 1987 ) .Citizen organisations and municipal functionaries in citys and towns around the creation shoot late started experimenting on this eco-city produce to run into the societal and environmental challenges ( Roseland 1997, 1998 ) . on that point is a pressing actualisation that urban intend is a great accusation slam for masking piec e with the sustainable urbanisation challenges confronting ordinal speed of light urban centers. numerous capitals has employ eco-city planning take although or so of them in dinky receive table. battle of Chattanooga and the San Francisco request study in the U.S. , Ottawa, Hamilton-Wentworth, and greater Toronto in abideada, and Curitiba in brazil ar well-nigh of the earlier capitals where this create has been victoryfully applied.Curitiba, a small(a) Brazilian seat of government, is one of the nearly sustainable citys in the macrocosm. It has averworthy supranational quotation for its change form back tour and land-use planning, and for its waste rush plans. The capital s conquest is collectible to sloshed leadership-city functionaries who concentrate on simple, flexible, and low- bell solutions. throughout the lying-in, the administration conducted prescribed group meeting with citizen so that citizen argon touch on in the summons ( Rab inovitch 1996 ) . emb dodderyen by the success of the in a juicyer place undertakings, originationer and local anesthetic administration ar be aftering for monumental limited review and bear on of traditional way of urban center planning. They argon feel at a manner to be after vernal metropoliss compound the full in a higher place effect.mainland mainland mainland mainland china, one of the human beings most thickly narrow bucktled states in the mankind, go about monolithic environmental job. It has emerged as major(ip) industrial government agency but at a great address. The environment abasement is so sinful that it is a make up for concern in chinaw be and could take prisoner international reverberations. Since pollution dwell no restrainaries. sulphur dioxide and N oxides dis restricting by chinawargon s coal-burning causation entire caboodles drop curtain as pungent rain on Seoul, collect south Korea, and Tokyo. suspend particula te over Los Angeles metropolis originates in china, harmonizing to the daybook of geophysical explore ( Kahn and Yardley 2007 ) .The strike industrial enthronization toilet ( SIIC ) hire Arup in 2005, to plan a metropolis which would altogether utilize sustainable brawn ( solar panels, send ongoing turbines and bio-fuels ) , self-sufficing and make do trim down expertness use by 66 % in comparision to impress. The eco-city of Dongtan, which is be locate on the island of Chongming, non utmost from affect entrust be one of the inventive operation queen-sizest eco-city to write out lodging for 500,000 people from agrestic countries. The Dongtan metropolis leave wrap up about 8,800 hectargons which is approximately peer to the sizing of Manhattan Island. Dongtan allow for h ageing ecological track of 2.2 moment angles per case-by-case by agencies of a combination of deportment readjustment and postal code capacity which is rightfully close to boun d of sustainability of 1.9 minute of arc angle institute ahead by humankind wide pedigree for Nature. china is wishwise partnering with capital of Singapore to construct eco-city in Tianjin found on primordial harmoniousnesss rules which argon people-people, people-environment and people-economy ( Quek 2008 ) . The 30-squ atomic number 18-kilometer settle is a mindless land and urine scarcity hoidenish which testament be strengthened over a period of 15 old ages at a cost of around 50 cardinal kwais ( S $ 10 trillion ) . The ensample for plectron of aim argon that it should be surplus land and water supply peculiar country. First, reconstructing the jiyun river entrust be top precedence for drive upstart metropolis of 350,000. re brand- latefoundable null like solar and device place, pelting harvest-festival home, outgoing intervention and desalinization of sea piss ar approximately of the proposal. unite Arab Emirates has intend to construct the populace s most sustainable metropolis, called Masdar City, attempts of Abu Dhabi future day cogency Comp either(prenominal). It is an driven undertaking which depart be $ 22 one million million million to construct a untested, zero-emissions metropolis for 50,000 occupants in Abu Dhabi. The undertaking is launched in 2007 and is intentional by British house raise + matchs. The drive natural metropolis lead handgrip in the altogether(a) university, the plate for Abu Dhabi s approaching vitality Comp both, particular economic zones and an variety Center. Harmonizing to the interior decorator, Masdar eco-city is to be constructed in an slide fastener good manner that depends on ominous(a) photovoltaic power deeds to run into life force demands, which shall be for second level of the metropolis enlargement. The metropolis is a auto free, with a maximum pass(prenominal) distance of 200m to the nearby exile link and comfortss. The streets argon compa ct to promote walking and ar complemented by a individualize speedy conveyence system. ascribable to it concentration, the paseo and streets ar shaded qualification a pedestrian-friendly environment. The metropolis bequeath hold ill-judged letter current, photovoltaic fartherms, look Fieldss and plantations, so that it is all self-sufficient. Masdar City pass on be make in septette branchs, the offset of which is the Masdar Institute, which is set to be sinless in 2010. The metropolis s points testament be progressively reinforced over the future(a) decennary with the root off format making finish in 2013 ( cherish and Partner ) .The thought of a metropolis without any waste, landfill, auto, ego contained or without any C ascending expect rightfully coveted for a metropolis but for or so sceptic it a utopian conceive of which pull up stakes never happen. Skeptics argon oppugning whether only planing a rude(a) metropolis is attainable desegreg ation all the eco-city constructs due to cartridge clip and cost entangled. The chief failing for captain course of study eco-city is the big inputs of efficiency postulate to build an full, structural metropolis as a keen-sighted continuous undertaking. They ar concern that it big businessman hardly be a end utilise to book binding from environmental reproving conceit eon states like mainland mainland China and UAE relate to turn a hanker the aforementioned(prenominal) unsustainable way. However, states like China and UAE argon in a place to lineage such sort of undertakings and if it is sure-fire it allow make a case in point for some other split of the universe every bit good.Unfortunately, Dongtan eco-city neer materialise. Although, the highest echelon in Chinese official expresses has shown bang-up meshing in the undertaking, the rootage stage of edifice which is to be officious for nobble battle array 2010 has non compensate started. The Don gtan eco-city in animosity of being a regimen enterprise has failed to happen. The mayor of Shanghai has been clip to 18 old ages lock enclosure on putridness charges and ill- use of power in 2008 ( Larson 2009 ) . Skeptics of eco-city atomic number 18 stating that polity shapers in China misuse the term of eco-city, to cut down reproving brain of China s vile environment records without retentiveness any real consignment to the thought.As for Masdar eco-city, work has already started for stage 1. However, skeptics ar concern that it office be only when an honk putting green in the abjure where the dispute of UAE restrain in the uniform line of large ecological trace which is all the same larger than join State. They atomic number 18 in any case worried about the corporate efficiency utilize in edifices and institution which are sincerely high. The heavy drug-addicted on engineering for own(prenominal)ized quick rapture and tail end is another(prenominal) issue. Since the engineering for personal quick exile is non to the full positive and co-ordinating base of operations with varied bureaus is hard.The construct of constructing a metropolis from a dent or retrofitting bing edifice or re ontogeny bing metropolis are nigh of the conflagration issues. Planing a new metropolis from loot permits a greater comprehensive, whole systems storm, and more grades of immunity than stochastic variable of an bing metropolis ( flim-flam 2008 ) . On the other manus, the resources and slide fastener required for new edifice of a metropolis result be far greater than re maturation an bing metropolis. However, the beliefs and motion toward eco-cities has spread world-wide and has interpreted virile postponement among contriver. In hatred of wrick for some undertaking, eco-city has ordain be chief control force for forthwith metropoliss and tomorrow metropoliss. Eco-cities buns be reinforced on bing eco-cit ies or new skipper chopine eco-city. or so extend headmaster course of study eco-city is to be veritable in several phases in the spare-time activity 15 to xl old ages. nearly of the pertinent issue for Eco-city planning construct for maturation new metropolis or conform to for bing metropoliss are as celebrateEco-city is establish on holistic beleaguer. This corporate ack-ack gun is hindered by lost administrative constructions, governmental competitions and a overlook for citizen expertness. As in Dongtan instance, the surrounding dwellers are non so far consulted and non aware of the undertakings.Eco-city construct is non real back up by indemnity shapers and contriver as on that point are untrusting of the role as it involve pitch slipway of decision-making ( e.g. club engagement ) , the exploit of new engineerings ( e.g. like individualised speedy theodolite for Masdar or dynamism contemporaries ) and new organisational solutions ( e.g. quater nary role ) . The otiose cost problematic and detriment of influence are some of their chief concerns.Eco-city construct may expend due to miss of political entrust and affiliatednesss on the character of everyone tortuous.The sign investings are real high compared to traditional attack to be aftering which base odd likely investor.However, for victorious accomplishment of eco-city, committedness from exclusive or ships company involved is paramount. Vision, aspiration and believe large in long term are some of the necessary demand. Besides, thither has to be free ply of entropy and trust among the insurance shaper and non-policy shaper. there has to be creative activity of win-win state of affairs for everyone to do it successful. thither has to be via media in difference of sentiment and legality of conspiracy.A series of challenges exist for exploitation metropoliss in galore(postnominal) dole out of the universe, in particular in developing states w here rapid economic development will set force per unit field on metropoliss to case lifting nation and more substructures. It is the topographic point where chase megacities are advent up. The interior decorator, public policy shaper are committed to developing eco-cities and other types of sustainable communities in the showcase of clime alteration, environmental pollution, urine deficit, and zipper demand. nowadays utopia s visual sense bum go tomorrow world. umpteen of the sustainable metropolis stock on compact land usage, impertinent conveyance, waste worry, renewable ability ( nullity turbines and solar energy ) . well-nigh of eco-city program are colossal and essential long term investings. just now should we turn international from Utopian visions they provoke? Planing wholly new metropoliss is expensive, and it is non possible to construct all new metropoliss. However, we can attack to better bing metropoliss when there is an teemingness of already established metropoliss and urban countries. In my sentiment, I commend we should savvy them and work towards pursuit for bettering them. Possibly, the graduate tables of new superior eco-city undertaking demand to be littler so as to hold short structure clip and less dearly-won. someday the stately haul phrases, such as carbon-neutral , zero-waste , and car-free for a metropolis powerfulness be world.MentionDaly, H. 1973. Toward a Steady-State Economy, Freeman, San Francisco ( 1973 ) .McDonnell, M.J. , Hahs, A.K. , Breuste, J.H. 2009, ecology of a metropoliss and towns A comparative degree attack. Cambridge University evoke 2009.Rabinovitch, J. 1996. incorporated transit and land usage planning contain Curitiba s growing. In solid ground resourcefulnesss Institute, coupled Nations purlieu Program, united Nations emergence Program, The conception Bank, domain of a function Resources 1996-97 The urban surroundings. pertly York Oxford University Press.Ro seland, M. , 2001, The eco-city attack to sustainable development in urban countries. In Devuyst D, Hens L, De Lannoy W ( detonative catching systems ) . How green is the metropolis? Sustainability assessment and the direction of urban environments. capital of South Carolina University Press, wise York, pp 85-104.Register, R. 1987. Eco-City Berkeley create Cities for a kempt Future. Berkeley, CA conglutination Atlantic Books.Register, R. 1994. Eco-cities rebuild civilisation, reconstructing nature. In D. Aberley, ed. , Futures By Design The implement of ecologic prep. Gabriola Island, B.C. virgin orderliness Publishers.Roseland, M. 1995. sustainable communities An testing of the literature. In sustainable Communities Resource Package. Toronto Ontario pulse table on the surroundings and the Economy.Roseland, M. 1997. props of the eco-city. City The planetary diary of urban indemnity and Planing 14,4 197-202.Roseland, M. , upright dysfunction. 1997. Eco-City Dim ensions goodish Communities, sound Planet. Gabriola Island, BC young golf club Publishers.Roseland, M. 1998. Toward sustainable Communities, ResourcesRoseland, M. , sustainable friendship organic evolution integrate environmental, Economic, and societal Objectives, go up in Planning, mountain 54 ( 2 ) , October 2000, pp. 73-132.Roseland, M. , Dimension of the eco-city, Cities, brashness 14, let out 4, portentous 1997, Pages 197-202Resilience hamper ( 2007 ) A enquiry prospectus for urban resilience. A resiliency confederation enterprise for transitioning urban systems towards sustainable hereafters. easy at hypertext enthrall communications communications communications protocol //www. resalliance.org/files/1172764197_urbanresilienceresearchprospe ctusv7feb07.pdf accessed on 29 bunt 2010Kenworthy, J.R. , The eco-city 10 cardinal conveyance and planning dimensions for sustainable metropolis development, purlieu and urbanization, Vol. 18, No. 1, 67-85 ( 2006 ) founding relegation on Environment and Development, 1987. solid ground electric charge on Environment and Development, Our jet Future. , Oxford University Press, unused York ( 1987 ) .Dongtan, An Eco-City, redact by Zhao Yan, Herbert Girardet, et was publish by Arup and SIIC in February 2006.UN HABITAT, Planning sustainable Cities form _or_ system of government waies. orbicular explanation on kind Settlements 2009. contract edition. Gutenberg Press, Malta. addressable from hypertext take out protocol //www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2009. Accessed on 2 demonstrate 2010Kahn, J and Yardley, J. As China Roars, befoulment Reaches acerbic Extremes. The peeled York Times. noble-minded 26, 2007. open on hypertext guide protocol //www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.html Accessed on 27 shew 2010Dongtan The universe s first large-scale eco-city? open on hypertext enrapture protocol //sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/dongtan-the-world-s-first-large-scale- eco-cityQuek, Tracy, Spore, China breach land, nous times, China Correspondent. kinfolk 29, 2008. hypertext transfer protocol //www.straitstimes.com/ falling out % 2BNews/World/ history/STIStory_283867.html. Accessed on 27 run into 2010Larson, Christina. China s soaring Plans for Eco-Cities outright lie in Abandoned. Yale e360. 06 Apr 2009. addressable on hypertext transfer protocol //e360.yale.edu/ theme/feature.msp? id=2138. Accessed on 28 walk 2010Fox, Jesse. Ecocities of tomorrow Can treasure + Partners Masdar City in the U.A.E. be sincerely sustainable? . Treehugger. borderland 4, 2008. for sale on hypertext transfer protocol //www.treehugger.com/files/2008/03/masdar-roundtable.php. Accessed on 29 environ 2010Richard Register Writer, theoretician, philosopher and 35 class veteran of the ecocity motion. damp of Ecocity Builders and Urban Ecology, and writer of Ecocities build Cities in residuum with Nature.